HIV/AIDS NOTES - 3444 Words

EQ 7/2 EQ 7/2 PHT 112: HIV AIDS Determinants, Prevention and Management INTRODUCTION Human behavior plays a key role in most of the disease condition in life. a) Socialization; is a life long process through which individuals in a society develop an awareness of social norms and values; achieve destine of self. b) Norms: Rules and expectations conduct which either prescribes a given type of behavior, or forbid it. c) Values: Culturally defined standards held by human individuals or groups about what are desirable, proper, beautiful, and good or bad that save as broad guidelines for social life. d) The individualistic interpretation of disease places emphasis on the individual as responsible for his or health status. Health†¦show more content†¦These infections were all thought to have come from butchering and eating of monkey and ape meat. 2. The Contaminated Needle Theory ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · This is an extension of the Hunter Theory. In the 1950s the use of disposable, plastic needles became common around the world as a cheap and sterile way to administer medicine. However, in Africa the enormous amount of needles needed to give inoculations and other medication would have been very costly. It is likely that one syringe would have been used to give multiple people injections without sterilizing the needle. This would rapidly have transferred any viral particles from one person to another, creating huge potential for the virus to mutate and replicate in each new individual it entered, even if the SIV within the original person infected had not yet converted to HIV. 3. Oral Polio Theory ï‚ · HIV-1 evolved from accidental vaccine contaminations and subsequent transmissions to African villagers. In his book, The River, the journalist Edward Hooper suggested that HIV could be traced to the testing of an oral polio vaccine called Chat, given to about a million people in the Belgian Congo , Rwanda and Burundi in the late 1950s. ï‚ · Hooper s belief is that Chat was grown in kidney cells taken from local chimps infected with SIVcmz. ï‚ · The vaccine was analyzed and in April 2001 it was announced that no trace had been found of either HIVShow MoreRelatedMaagang Pagbubuntis Ng Mga Kabataan9395 Words   |  38 PagesTOXOPLASMOSIS OTHER INFECTIONS syphilis hep B virus HIV RUBELLA CYTOMEGALO VIRUS HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS       1.) 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College Sports Gambling Essay Example For Students

College Sports Gambling Essay With all of the controversy of gambling in college sports, why is the issuestill an issue? The answer is money. There were actions taken towards this byCongress, but the problem is that it was never completely abolished. Congresshad made the mistake of creating a way around it. It is now commonly referredto as the Las Vegas loophole. They outlawed the betting nationwide with theexception of one state, one state that is the capital of gambling, Nevada. Thishas caused few changes, with the exception of the ever-growing revenue that itgenerates. Another reason the legality still remains is one not frequentlymentioned, but the question of the ban being constitutional. But no matter whatthe law, is there realistically ever going to be silence or content?To trace the tracks to the start of mending this problem, we need to goback to 1992. This is the year that the Professional and Amateur SportsProtection Act took precedence. This law restricts gambling on amateur sportsin 46 states and ess entially leaves Nevada as the only state that can take betson those games. Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz) and Rep. Lindsay Graham (R-S.C.)are striving to get two separate bills passed, both of which are targeted atprohibiting gambling on amateur sports. The bills were introduced a year ago,and at the time, were heavily favored. The bills would legally put a stop tobetting on NCAA games, the oh-so-notorious March Madness (the NCAATournament), and wagering on all college sports for that matter. Las Vegascasino lobbyist have turned offensive. Who wouldnt, if there were possibilitiesof losing a $700 million cash cow, with approximately $70 million on MarchMadness?The money that is generated from sports betting both legal and not, ismuch too vast to be eradicated. Nevada is the tree trunk for which sportsgambling is derived. The casinos are complete with giant electronic boards thatoffer information on daily events ranging from odds to player injuries. This is thebasis of most sports wagering . Nevada generates $2.3 billion a year on legalsports betting , where as, betting on college sports revenue in Nevada accountsfor $650 million of the amount. This is far from the issue though. If betting oncollege sports in Nevada is made illegal, I find the impact to be very smallconsidering that illegal sports gambling has been estimated at $80 billion to$380 billion a year. At the least, 40 times the legal revenue generated seemsvery minute. In addition, studies have shown that for every dollar bet on sportsin Vegas, $100 is bet with bookies and on the Internet. Rep. Jim Gibbons(R-Nev.), says that there is nothing backing up that legal gambling in Nevada isin any way responsible for the illegal sports wagering that plagues our nationscollege campuses. Rep. Shelley Berkley (D-Nev.), said that no problems wouldbe solved by eliminating legal bets any more than suggesting that outlawingaspirin would stop the sale of illegal drugs. A poll done by Gallop from March18-20 (between the fi rst two weekends of this years NCAA tournament) foundthat Americans were divided on issue. The poll stated that 49% believe thatcollege sports gambling should be illegal and 47% believe that it should not. Strikingly, college basketball fans are stuck on 48% on both stand-points. The possibility of abolishing gambling on college sports is not very likelynor does it hold much hope of bettering the problem. If the betting was banned,theres no possibility of it just disappearing. The figures and dollar amounts ofillegal gambling are much too high now, and it is still legal. What happens whenCongress puts this law into effect and everyone ignores it? It surely does notsay much about our society and its morals. Howard Shaffer, director of theDivision on Addictions at Harvard Medical School, said If we pass legislationthat we cannot enforce, it will undermine authority in general and young peopledont need any more laws that nobody respects. Shaffer added, If itsunenforceable, they will co me to see other legislation as unenforceable and thenwell have problems where we dont necessarily have them today. People of allkinds are in agreeance that the impact of this law would hardly be worth theeffort. John Shelk, vice president of the American Gaming Association, alsostated Its not like Congress is going to pass a law that bans legal gambling,and students across the country will say, Oh my God, I cant gamble anymorebecause its illegal.Sen. McCain, co-author of last years Senate bill,had countered his opinion to ESPN.com by saying, I dont think we have tochoose between enforcing existing laws on illegal gambling and closing theloophole on legal gambling. McCain added, we can do both. McCain andothers claim that eliminating legalized gambling in Nevada would be anessential first step on stopping the college sports gambling. Critics disagree. They believe that the attempt to chip away at illegal sports gambling isnt alogical first step, at all. The fact of the college sports gambling, is that there is too muchpublicity, popularity, and money surrounding this particular gambling sport. In the beginning there was a problem with popularity. From 1951-1974, therewas a 10% excise tax levied by the Federal Government on the amount of sportswagers. The tax made the business unprofitable since the profit margin was generally 5% or less before the tax.In 1974, Congress was persuaded by theNevada congressional delegation. From this persuasion, Congress ended upcutting the tax from 10% to 2%.From there, the boom took off. It took a littletime but the pay off was great. Wagers on professional and college sports weretotaling $1.3 billion by 1988. After the new wave had taken off, professional sports teams and the NCAA became concerned. One outspoken supporter wasBill Bradley, a former basketball star and Democratic Senator from New Jersey. Sir Gawain And The Green Knight: Test Of One Knigh EssayThe National Association of Basketball Coaches, Official Athletic Sitebelieves that the NCAA has many problems that it needs to address and correctbefore jumping the gun to Congress. Marc Isenbergs article on the site statedthat, The NCAA cannot even begin to educate athletes and other students-oreven congress-until it does the following:1.) demand that CBS cut its ties with CBS.Sportsline.com and Las Vegas SportsConsultants, which are a major part of the infrastructure of gambling on collegesports2.) prohibit corporate partners from using bracket promotions or contestsconnected to the outcome of games3.) refuse to credential media outlets who publish lines and accept ads from toutservices4.) fund a gambling education program on college campuses that addresses theproblem of gambling, not just shaving. Can the NCAA tear itself away from its Show me the money outlook to conductsuch a campaign? The answer is No. The truth remains, that nobodyespecially not the NCAA wants to go back to the unpopular, no money-makingways of the past. There is an undeniable problem with betting in college sports, mainlywhen it comes to students.This is the NCAAs major concern, but namely, pointshaving. In general, point shaving is done by players that intentionally missshots to change the outcome of the game.The NCAA has a very justifiablereason for the abolishment in terms of this actual concern. Over the past view years, there have been many cases in which athletesgot involved in the negative aspects of gambling. This would often times resultin owing bookies so much that they would get sucked into the point shavingproblem. One student made his mark when he got involved with his roommate,who was also a popular bookie that was being investigated by officials. The student was Teddy Dupay, a basketball player for the University of FloridaGators. Dupay had shared winnings with his friend Kresten Lagerman, 23, aftergiving him inside information about whether the Gators could cover pointspreads. Florida had also endured a 2000-2001 sea son filled with injuries. There were also many instances of injured players returning much sooner thanexpected. Following this discovery, Dupay was dismissed from the team. Another student, a running back at the Northwestern University had become theschools rushing leader. He had become involved in gambling so in-depth thathe fumbled the football at the goal line to ensure his $400 wager on the pointspread of his own game. These are the instances that are worthy of theabolishing desire. Still, the fact remains that these examples and 99% of sportsgambling is done illegally or under the table. The truth of the matter is that, this is another back-and-forth issue (likeabortion) that will never have silence nor contentment. There are seriousproblems with players and the ethics of the game, but no matter what, a ban onsports gambling will never solve one-single problem. The fact remains that 99%of all sports gambling is done illegally. Since it is currently legal, is there anytruth to solving the problem by abolishing it? College sports gambling is truly notthe real issue. There are too many other factors at play. When it comes to theplayers getting involved, I believe that they are able to make their own decisions. If they have difficulty doing that, there must be somewhat of a different issue-Ethics. Apparently, the NCAA should concentrate more on its players thanNevada. With the problem of these players, it doesnt leave much meaning tothe idea may the best man win. BibliographyBarlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele, Throwing the Game, Time,(September 25, 2000)Gillespie, Mark, Americans Split on Whether Gambling on College SportsShould Be Banned, The Gallup Organization,(April 1, 2002)Isenberg, Marc, Gambling on College Sports: The NCAAs Solution is Partof the Problem, National Association of Basketball Coaches, Official AthleticCite,(April 25, 2002)Jansen, Bart, Big name coaches support ban on amateur sports gambling, The Detroit News,(April 25, 2002)Pells, Eddie, Complaint: Dupay received money for sharing info, Slam!Basketball,(September 14,2001)Rovell, Darren, Congree could trump Vegas on college book, ESPN,(March 15, 2002)Sauve, Valerie, Issues Committee holds discussion on illegal sports wagering inNCAA, The Daily Beacon, (March5, 2002)Words/ Pages : 2,369 / 24